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ICU and You  ·  Mind Map Series  ·  Number 36

The young adult

Eighteen to thirty — the most reserve you will ever treat, and the narrowest margin once it is spent

An adult body, and not an adult. Almost every error in this age group comes from applying one of those and quietly forgetting the other.

The physiology has finished arguing. The airway is adult, the circulation is adult, the front of the neck is adult, and the doses have converged. What has not converged is everything else: who may consent, who may be told, what they will admit to with a parent in the room, and whether the person in the bed regards the illness or the consequences of the illness as the emergency.

The epidemiology turns with it. The threats of childhood came from a small body meeting a large world. These come from a person doing things on their own — travelling, choosing, forgetting, taking something, stopping something — and from a few diseases that have waited until now. This map is deliberately shorter than the last one: four stations rather than six. What has changed, what brings them in, what hides, and what outlasts the admission.

How to use a mind map

Do not read it like a chapter. Scan it. Let your eye go where it wants, read three boxes that catch it, and stop. You are not trying to finish it and you are certainly not trying to memorise it.

Then come back. Before a shift on which you might meet one of these children, or after a case that went a particular way, or while waiting for a retrieval team. Thirty seconds at a time, often, beats an hour once.

It works the way a painting in a corridor works. Nobody sits down and studies the painting they walk past every morning, and yet after a year they could tell you what is in it, where the light falls, and exactly what is on the left-hand side — and they would notice at once if something had changed. That noticing is the point. These maps are not built to be recalled on demand; they are built so that when the thing in front of you does not fit, something quietly objects.

ICU AND YOU · MIND MAP 36The young adult — eighteen to thirtyFIRST, THE DIFFERENCEThe most reserve you will ever treatCOMPENSATION BUYS TIMEHolds pressure long after the loss is seriousA normal blood pressure describes the physiology,not the blood volumeTachycardia may be the only thing that movedWhen it goes, it goes all at onceTHEY MAY NOT BE NEWCystic fibrosis: median survival now 54 yearsDuchenne: median life expectancy past 24 and risingChildhood cancer at 15–24: 90% five-year survivalAsk for the paediatric notes before you planTHE CONGENITAL HEART, GROWN UPKnow the baseline saturation before you set a targetFontan is preload-dependent and hates PEEPAny rise in pulmonary impedance causes shockFilters on every line where a shunt may reversePost-cardiotomy support mortality around 61%ADULT IN LAW, NOT ALWAYS IN FACTCapacity is presumed and is decision-specificInjury, hypoxia and intoxication remove it, temporarilyRecord the basis, not just the outcomeThe partner may not be the next of kinWHAT BRINGS THEM INSomething that happened, not something that grewINJURY, FIRST AND BY FARExternal causes lead every age band up to 44Road, work, water, assault, sportLook for what you cannot seeAlcohol is in the history more often than the chartWHAT THEY TOOKDeliberate and recreational, often bothSuicide: more than one in five deaths at 25–44Women aged 25–29 have the highest female rateThe assessment belongs to the admission,not to the dischargeWELL ON FRIDAY, SEPTIC ON SUNDAYMeningococcus, group A streptococcus, influenzaToxic shock: median age of cases 21No comorbidity to blame and no slow declineThe index of suspicion has to come from youTHE YOUNG HEART THAT STOPPEDAustralian 1–35 data: 40% remain unexplainedCoronary disease 24%, cardiomyopathies 16%Myocarditis 7%, aortic dissection 4%A gene variant found in 27% of those testedMost arrests happen at rest, not on the fieldIF SHE IS, OR RECENTLY WASConsider pregnancy in every woman in this bandTHE PHYSIOLOGY HAS MOVEDCardiac output up 30–50%, plasma volume up halfFunctional residual capacity down a fifth,oxygen consumption up a fifth: she desaturates fastUteroplacental flow is sacrificed first, so the fetusdeclares the shock before the mother doesREAD THE GAS AS A PREGNANT ONENormal PaCO₂ is 30–32 mmHgNormal bicarbonate is 18–21 mmol/LA PaCO₂ of 40 is not reassurance, it is exhaustionA bicarbonate of 24 is relatively highNOT THE QUARTET YOU WERE TAUGHTAustralia 2014–2023: cardiovascular disease 14%,sepsis 12%, suicide 10%, thromboembolism 10%Hypertensive disease is in none of those listsOnly 18% die intrapartum; 45% die postpartumThe ratio is rising, not fallingIF SHE ARRESTSManually displace the uterus to the leftFrom 20 weeks, or a fundus above the umbilicusTilting the bed degrades your compressionsHysterotomy in the second half of pregnancyANZCOR sets no time threshold: there is no ruleWHAT OUTLASTS ITThey will carry this for fifty yearsWHILE THEY ARE HEREThromboprophylaxis is forgotten in the youngSedation less, move earlier, sleep at nightFind out who they actually want in the roomSay what happened in words they will remember laterAND AFTERWARDSAround 60% of survivors are working again at a yearNew physical, cognitive or mental problems in mostThere is no young-adult-specific evidence:do not assume they bounce backFertility, driving, study, and the fifty yearsWHEN IT GOES THE OTHER WAYThis band is a small share of donors overallBut it dominates donation after suicideAsk the question properly, and separately557 deceased donors in Australia in 2025They are the patients most likely to survive you, and the ones least studied after they do.

On a phone: turn it sideways, or scroll the map across. Pinch to zoom on any section.

Challenge for you

One sentence, back to me: what is the youngest patient you have watched compensate right up until they did not?

I am after the moment rather than the case — the observation you now make earlier because of it, or the number you stopped trusting. This age group is the one where experienced people still get caught, because everything looks survivable until very suddenly it is not.

Send me your answer

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