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ICU and You  ·  Mind Map Series  ·  Number 35

The adolescent

Puberty to eighteen — an adult body, and not an adult

An adult body, and not an adult. Almost every error in this age group comes from applying one of those and quietly forgetting the other.

The physiology has finished arguing. The airway is adult, the circulation is adult, the front of the neck is adult, and the doses have converged. What has not converged is everything else: who may consent, who may be told, what they will admit to with a parent in the room, and whether the person in the bed regards the illness or the consequences of the illness as the emergency.

The epidemiology turns with it. The threats of childhood came from a small body meeting a large world. These come from a person doing things on their own — travelling, choosing, forgetting, taking something, stopping something — and from a few diseases that have waited until now. This map is deliberately shorter than the last one: four stations rather than six. What has changed, what brings them in, what hides, and what outlasts the admission.

How to use a mind map

Do not read it like a chapter. Scan it. Let your eye go where it wants, read three boxes that catch it, and stop. You are not trying to finish it and you are certainly not trying to memorise it.

Then come back. Before a shift on which you might meet one of these children, or after a case that went a particular way, or while waiting for a retrieval team. Thirty seconds at a time, often, beats an hour once.

It works the way a painting in a corridor works. Nobody sits down and studies the painting they walk past every morning, and yet after a year they could tell you what is in it, where the light falls, and exactly what is on the left-hand side — and they would notice at once if something had changed. That noticing is the point. These maps are not built to be recalled on demand; they are built so that when the thing in front of you does not fit, something quietly objects.

ICU AND YOU · MIND MAP SERIES · No. 35The adolescent — puberty to eighteenFIRST, THE DIFFERENCEAn adult body, and not an adultTHE BODY IS ADULTPuberty, not the birthday, is what finishes the physiologyFront-of-neck access is now the adult scalpel techniqueThe circulation is adult: rate no longer carries the outputHabitus varies enormously. Weigh them rather than estimateSO IS THE DOSE, ALMOSTDose by weight, and never exceed the adult maximumThere is no 50 kg switch and no pubertal switch. It is a mythStill size-dosed: heparins, insulin, vasoactives, relaxantsTidal volume from predicted weight, by height, not the scalesTHE CONSENT IS NOTMaturity decides capacity. The birthday does notThe statute built around that differs by country and by stateConsent and refusal are not symmetrical. Refusal can be overruledLook up your own jurisdiction, not the number you rememberSEE THEM ALONESome part of every admission, without the parent in the roomName the limits of confidentiality before they tell you anythingNever offer a secrecy you will later have to breakWHAT BRINGS THEM INInjury, and what they tookMAJOR TRAUMAInjury is about three-quarters of deaths at fifteen to twenty-fourAssume intoxication until it is excluded, and test for itA normal blood pressure is still not a normal circulationAsk who else was there, and how they came to be hereDELIBERATE SELF-HARM7.2% of Australian ICU admissions aged twelve to seventeenTwo-thirds are girls, and the median age is fifteenThe toxicology is the easy part of the admissionAssessment and a named follow-up before they leave the unitTHE CHRONIC DISEASE THAT SLIPPEDInsulin omission causes most ketoacidosis in known diabetesA small minority of patients generate most of the admissionsGraft loss peaks between seventeen and twenty-four yearsDevelopmentally ordinary. Treat it as a problem, not a failingTHE ONES THAT HIDEWell, until they are very much notMENINGOCOCCAL, THE SECOND PEAKA second Australian peak at fifteen to twenty-four yearsThe highest rates of all sit at eighteen to twentyMore than 80% of Australian cases are now serogroup BThe adolescent programme dose does not cover serogroup BANAPHYLAXISFood anaphylaxis admissions peak in preschoolers. Deaths do notIn the Australian series, every food death fell between 8 and 35Around a third never carry the autoinjector when they are aloneAsthma is the comorbidity in most fatal casesTHE HEART THAT HAS BEEN STARVEDBradycardia in a thin adolescent is not athletic until provenRefeeding needs electrolytes, phosphate, thiamine and monitoringUnder-feeding carries its own mortality. Do not starve them safelyInvolve the eating disorder team and a dietitian on day oneTHROUGHOUTThe part that outlasts the admissionWHILE THEY ARE HEREExplain what is happening to them, not only to the parentsPrivacy, dignity and their own body are not minor concernsNicotine, vaping and cannabis withdrawal can present as agitationThey will remember this admission, and they can describe itAND AFTERWARDSSchool, exams and sport are the outcomes that matter to themScars, tracheostomy sites and hair loss land differently hereThey can self-report, so they can share their own follow-upThey will let you treat the body without telling you anything about the person. Ask anyway, and ask when the room is empty.

On a phone: turn it sideways, or scroll the map across. Pinch to zoom on any section.

Challenge for you

One sentence, back to me: how do you ask the parent to step out of the room?

Everybody knows the advice is to see them alone. Almost nobody has anywhere to do it, or a clean way to ask the parent to step out that does not land as an accusation. The clinicians who manage it have a form of words, and the rest of us improvise badly in front of an audience.

Tell me yours — what you say, when in the admission you say it, and what you do when the parent refuses. And an optional second: what has a teenager told you once the room was empty that changed the management?

Send me yours

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