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ICU and You  ·  Mind Map Series  ·  Number 34

The school-age child

Roughly six to twelve years — when they can finally tell you, and have learned not to

The toddler could not tell you what was wrong. This one can, and has learned not to.

Somewhere around school entry the difficulty inverts. The physiology stops being exotic — the airway is close enough to an adult's, the circulation behaves, the doses converge on adult numbers. What becomes difficult is the history, because you are now taking one from a person who has been taught to be brave, who does not want a needle, who is protecting the parent sitting beside them, and who has worked out that saying you are fine makes adults go away.

The epidemiology changes with it. The threats of the preschool years came from a mobile child meeting a reachable world. These come from a child who is faster, further from home, and taking part: a bicycle on a road, a game with a hard tackle in it, a pancreas that has quietly stopped working, an airway disease that peaks at exactly this age. The map runs the way the shift runs — what has changed, then what fills the unit, then the one that hides, then the subjects nobody enjoys, then the hour before the team arrives, and finally the part that outlasts the illness.

How to use a mind map

Do not read it like a chapter. Scan it. Let your eye go where it wants, read three boxes that catch it, and stop. You are not trying to finish it and you are certainly not trying to memorise it.

Then come back. Before a shift on which you might meet one of these children, or after a case that went a particular way, or while waiting for a retrieval team. Thirty seconds at a time, often, beats an hour once.

It works the way a painting in a corridor works. Nobody sits down and studies the painting they walk past every morning, and yet after a year they could tell you what is in it, where the light falls, and exactly what is on the left-hand side — and they would notice at once if something had changed. That noticing is the point. These maps are not built to be recalled on demand; they are built so that when the thing in front of you does not fit, something quietly objects.

ICU AND YOU · MIND MAP SERIES · No. 34The school-age child — roughly six to twelve yearsFIRST, THE DIFFERENCEThe age that can talk, and will understateTHE AIRWAY HAS GROWN UPAdenotonsillar tissue peaks at two to six and is now regressingBy about eight the cords, not the cricoid, are the narrowest pointCuffed tubes throughout; watch the pressure rather than guessLoose teeth and orthodontic hardware are laryngoscopy hazardsThe post-tonsillectomy bleed is theirs, and it is an airway problemTHE CIRCULATION AT LAST BEHAVESOutput is no longer substantially rate-dependentResistance and blood pressure are climbing towards adult valuesA mean above 65 is agreed from twelve. Below that, still nothingThey compensate better than a toddler, then fail later and fasterSIZE, DOSE AND FLUIDWeight estimation is more reliable now, but weigh them if you canMaintenance still 4-2-1; resuscitation 10 mL/kg, not the adult litreAdult algorithms from puberty. Before that, per kilogramBody habitus varies hugely. Age tells you less than it didTHE CHILD IN THE BED IS A PERSONAddress the child first. They notice which way round you do itConcrete thinkers. Say what happens, in order, without metaphorThe fears have changed: death, disfigurement, loss of controlAssent matters even when the parent consents. So does privacyWHAT FILLS THE UNITAsthma, trauma, and sugarASTHMA, WHICH STILL KILLSThe peak age for admission, and for preventable deathSalbutamol by spacer unless too sick; ipratropium earlyThen magnesium, then an infusion by local policyA quiet chest in a tiring child is the emergency, not the noiseAsk about previous ICU, previous intubation, recent steroidsMAJOR TRAUMAThe leading cause of death in this age group in AustraliaBicycles, pedestrians, motor vehicles, falls, and horsesHandlebar injury: pancreas, duodenum, abdomen deceptively softSeatbelt sign: bowel, mesentery, Chance fracture until excludedA normal blood pressure is not a normal circulation. They crash lateDIABETIC KETOACIDOSISOften the first presentation of type 1 diabetes at this ageMay look like abdominal pain, vomiting, or a chest infectionCerebral oedema is rare, catastrophic, and the thing that killsHeadache, falling conscious state, bradycardia, hypertensionFollow the unit protocol exactly. Do not improvise the fluidsSEPSIS AND THE UNWELL CHILDMeningococcal disease is rarer than it was, and still moves in hoursFebrile neutropenia in an oncology child is time-criticalAsk what they are usually like. Parents describe change preciselyPerfusion, lactate and conscious state before blood pressureTHE ONE YOU CANNOT MISSMyocarditis, wearing a gastroenteritis costumeWHY IT IS MISSEDVomiting, lethargy and abdominal pain — so, as gastroenteritisThe child looks mottled and tired and is labelled dehydratedA fluid bolus makes them worse. That is the diagnostic momentTachycardia out of proportion to the fever and to the storyWHAT SHOULD MAKE YOU LOOKRespiratory distress without wheeze or crackles, in a vomiting childHepatomegaly, a gallop, or a raised jugular venous pressureChest film with a big heart; ECG with low voltages or ST changeTroponin and a bedside echo answer the question quicklyAND THE OTHERS THAT HIDEAppendicitis presenting late, because they said they were fineTesticular torsion in a boy who will not volunteer where it hurtsAnaphylaxis called asthma — ask about food, and look for the rashToxic shock, after a burn, a wound, or nothing you can findNAMED PLAINLYThe mind, and harmSELF-HARM AND INGESTIONAt the top of this age band, ingestions stop being accidentalAsk directly and privately. Suspected abuse: ask little, refer earlyParacetamol is commonest, and forgiving if you catch itEvery deliberate ingestion needs a mental health assessmentCHILD PROTECTION, DIFFERENT SHAPEPhysical abuse presents less often; neglect and sexual abuse moreAn injury that does not fit the story still does not fit the storyThe child may protect the adult. Silence is not agreementEvery NSW clinician is a mandatory reporter. Suspicion is enoughTHE THINGS THEY WILL NOT SAYPain, because they are being brave, or because it means a needleFear, because the parent is there and they are protecting themWhat they think is happening — usually worse than the truth. AskBEFORE THE TEAM ARRIVESWhat to do in the first hourTHE CALLNETS 1300 36 2500 in NSW. Ring early, stand down laterA real weight, written where everybody can see itGlucose in every drowsy or fitting child, every timeNothing is lost by a phone call and a great deal is lost by waitingNUMBERS WORTH KNOWING COLDFluid 10 mL/kg. Adrenaline 10 microgram/kg. Defibrillation 4 J/kgGlucose 2 mL/kg of ten per centCuffed tube, age over four plus three and a halfCheck every one of them against your own formulary before useTHROUGHOUTThe part that lasts longer than the illnessWHILE THEY ARE HEREExplain every procedure to the child, in order, before it happensAnalgesia planned, not rescued. Let them score it themselvesDelirium is common, under-recognised, and worth screening forLet the parents stay, including during procedures, if they want toAND AFTERWARDSSchool is their occupation. Ask about return to learningPost-traumatic stress is real in this age group and in their parentsThe sibling at home has had a frightening week, unexplainedThey can finally tell you what is wrong. The difficulty is that they have also learned to hide it, to be brave, and to say they are fine.

On a phone: turn it sideways, or scroll the map across. Pinch to zoom on any section.

Challenge for you

One sentence, back to me: what is the question you ask a school-age child that actually gets a straight answer?

This is the age that has learned to be brave, to say they are fine, and to protect the adult in the room. Some clinicians get past that reliably and the rest of us get “okay”. Whatever yours is — how you phrase it, whether you send the parent out, what you ask about first so that the real question sounds ordinary — I would like to collect them.

And an optional second: what has an eight-year-old told you that changed the diagnosis? They often know. We often do not ask.

Send me yours

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