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ICU and You  ·  Mind Map Series  ·  Number 33

The toddler and preschool child

One to five years — when the physiology stops being the hard part and the child becomes it

The infant could not tell you what was wrong. This one can, and will not.

Somewhere in the second year the difficulty changes character. The airway is still not an adult's and the circulation still defends its blood pressure until the moment it stops, but those are no longer the things that catch people out. What catches people out is that the patient has acquired opinions. They will not open their mouth, they will not keep the mask on, they will not stay still for the ultrasound, and they will remember what you did last time.

The epidemiology changes with it. The threats of the first year came from inside the child or from the people around them. These come from the world being newly reachable: a mobile child with an immature sense of consequence, a swimming pool, a handbag on the floor, a battery in a remote control. The map runs the way the shift runs — the physiology first, then what usually walks in, then what must not be missed, then the presentations that mislead, then the two subjects nobody enjoys, and finally the hour before the retrieval team arrives.

How to use a mind map

Do not read it like a chapter. Scan it. Let your eye go where it wants, read three boxes that catch it, and stop. You are not trying to finish it and you are certainly not trying to memorise it.

Then come back. Before a shift on which the subject might come up, or after a case that went a particular way, or in a quiet ten minutes. Thirty seconds at a time, often, beats an hour once.

It works the way a painting in a corridor works. Nobody sits down and studies the painting they walk past every morning, and yet after a year they could tell you what is in it, where the light falls, and exactly what is on the left-hand side — and they would notice at once if something had changed. That noticing is the point. These maps are not built to be recalled on demand; they are built so that when the thing in front of you does not fit, something quietly objects.

ICU AND YOU · MIND MAP SERIES · No. 33The toddler and preschool child — one to five yearsFIRST, THE DIFFERENCEThe age that will not cooperateTHE AIRWAY, MATURING BUT NOT YOURSNasal breathing no longer obligate; the occiput is less of a problemAdenotonsillar tissue is at its bulkiest between two and sixLarynx still higher and more anterior than yours, and softerLoose teeth from about five — look before you put a blade inCuffed tubes are now standard; size and check the pressureTHE CIRCULATION STILL LIESOutput is less rate-dependent than in infancy, but not muchVasoconstriction defends the pressure until it suddenly cannotHypotension remains late and pre-terminal — do not wait for itCapillary refill, skin, conscious state and urine tell you firstThere is no consensus BP target under twelve. Treat perfusionFLUIDS, SUGAR, HEATMaintenance on the 4-2-1 rule; resuscitate at 10 mL/kgGlycogen stores better than an infant's, still small when fastingCheck the glucose in any child who is drowsy, fitting or septicA real weight if you can get one; every dose depends on itTHE EXAMINATION YOU HAVE TO EARNExamine on the parent's lap. The cot is where trust goes to dieLook before you touch — work of breathing, colour, engagementThroat and ears last, always, and only if they change somethingA furious child is reassuring. A compliant one is notWHAT USUALLY WALKS INBarking, wheezing, hot or dryCROUPSix months to three years, worse at night, barking and stridorDexamethasone for every child with croup, however mild it looksNebulised adrenaline buys time in moderate to severe diseaseDo not upset them and do not inspect the throatStridor at rest that settles is still a child who was obstructingPRESCHOOL WHEEZE AND ASTHMAMost wheeze at this age is viral; not all of it is asthmaSalbutamol by spacer beats a nebuliser in all but the sickestAdd ipratropium early in severe disease; then magnesiumA quiet chest in a tiring child is the emergency, not the noiseFEVER, AND WHERE IT IS COMING FROMLess frightening than under three months, but not benignUrinary infection is the commonest occult bacterial sourceGet urine in the febrile child with nothing else to findDuration, not height, is what should move youGASTROENTERITIS AND DRYNESSSmall volumes often, by mouth, beats a cannula almost alwaysOndansetron breaks the vomiting cycle and prevents admissionsWhen you do go intravenous, the dextrose costs nothingWeigh them. It is the only honest measure of what has goneTHE ONE YOU CANNOT MISSIt went in, or it went downTHE INHALED FOREIGN BODYPeak age one to three. Peanut, grape, bead, piece of carrotA choking episode, then a quiet interval that reassures everyoneUnilateral wheeze or reduced air entry until proven otherwiseA normal chest film excludes nothing. The history is the testAsk the question. Nobody volunteers it an hour laterTHE BUTTON BATTERYAn oesophageal battery burns within two hours. This is nowTwo rings or a halo on the film — that is a battery, not a coinHoney while you wait, if over twelve months and within twelve hoursEndoscopic removal, urgently, wherever that has to happenTwo or more magnets swallowed is the same order of emergencyTHE INGESTIONOne tablet can kill at this weight: sulfonylureas, calcium blockers,opioids, tricyclics, iron, camphor, and eucalyptus oilThe handbag on the floor is the commonest place it came fromRing the Poisons Information Centre early: 13 11 26BURNS AND SCALDSPeak age. The pulled-down hot drink is the classicTwenty minutes of cool running water, useful up to three hours laterCling film lengthways, not around a limb. Keep them warm otherwiseA glove or stocking distribution is an immersion until disprovedTHE PRESENTATIONS THAT MISLEADThe limp, the rash, the belly, the fitTHE CHILD WHO WILL NOT WEIGHT BEARTransient synovitis is common and septic arthritis is notFever, refusal to bear weight, raised inflammatory markers — imageThe hip refers to the knee. Examine the joint above and belowA limp with no fever and no story still needs a reasonTHE RASH THAT MATTERSNon-blanching plus unwell is meningococcal until disprovedPetechiae above the nipple line after vomiting are usually benignWell child, widespread purpura, normal platelets — think vasculitisUndress them fully. Rashes hide in nappies and behind earsTHE ABDOMENIntussusception is tailing off by two but has not finishedAppendicitis under five presents late and perforates earlyAlways look in the nappy: a hernia or a torsion is easy to findGive the analgesia. It does not mask the diagnosisTHE FIRST SEIZUREFebrile convulsions run from six months to about five yearsSimple, brief, generalised, fully recovered — no imaging neededFocal, prolonged, or not waking up is a different problemCheck the glucose in every one, before anything elseTHE INJURY THAT FILLS OUR BEDSDrowningWHY THIS AGEHighest drowning rate of any age group in AustraliaTwo fifths of under-five deaths are children aged oneJust over half happen in swimming pools; a fall in, not a swimFor every death, around eight more children reach a hospital bedWHAT WE ACTUALLY TREATThe lung injury is survivable. The brain injury is the illnessEarly neurological findings predict poorly — resuscitate, then lookTemperature after immersion is not the same as therapeutic coolingFour-sided isolation fencing is the intervention that worksNAMED PLAINLYNon-accidental injuryWHAT SHOULD RAISE ITAn injury that does not match the mechanism or the developmentBruising to torso, ear or neck in a child under fourAny bruise at all in a child who is not yet cruisingDelay in presenting, a history that changes, a story rehearsedFrenulum, ear, buttock, genitals — not sites you bruise by fallingWHAT TO DOEvery clinician in New South Wales is a mandatory reporterSuspicion is the threshold. Proof is somebody else's jobDocument what was said, in whose words, without interpreting itAsk where the other children are tonightBEFORE THE TEAM ARRIVESStabilise, then hand overTHE NUMBERS TO HAVE WRITTEN DOWNWeight in kilograms, measured if at all possibleTube: age over four, plus three and a half, cuffedAdrenaline 10 microgram/kg; fluid 10 mL/kg; defibrillate at 4 J/kgGlucose 2 mL/kg of ten per cent for the hypoglycaemic childWHAT THE RETRIEVAL SERVICE NEEDSNETS on 1300 36 2500 — early and uncertain beats late and sureWeight, airway, access, what you have given and what it didThey would far rather stand a call down than start one an hour lateTHROUGHOUTThe parent is still the monitorTHE HISTORY IS ENTIRELY SECONDHANDThe child cannot give it and will not corroborate it“Not himself” is an observation. Chart it in their wordsAsk what has changed, not whether they are worriedA parent who has gone quiet has usually noticed somethingAND THE CHILD IS WATCHING YOUDistraction, play specialists and topical anaesthetic are treatmentOne good attempt by the right person beats three by anyone elseWhat you do at three today decides what they let you do at fourThey cannot tell you what is wrong and they will not let you look. Most of the skill at this age is getting past that.

On a phone: turn it sideways, or scroll the map across. Pinch to zoom on any section.

Challenge for you

One sentence, back to me: what do you actually do to get a frightened three-year-old to let you examine them? The thing that works, not the thing in the textbook.

I am asking because it is the least documented skill in paediatric practice and the most unevenly distributed. Some people walk into a cubicle and the child is calm in ninety seconds; some of us are still negotiating at ten minutes. Whatever yours is — where you stand, what you say first, what you let them hold, what you examine on the parent rather than the child — I would like to collect them.

And an optional reflection: what is the one thing at this age you now always ask about, because of a case you have not forgotten? The foreign body nobody mentioned, the battery, the second bruise. Those are the answers that teach.

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